Transitive and intransitive verbs

Japanese has a large variety of related pairs of transitive (take a direct object) and intransitive (do not take a direct object) verbs, such as hajimaru (to begin) and hajimeru (to begin). For example, :Jugyō ga hajimaru. means "The class starts." and :Sensei ga jugyō o hajimeru. means "The teacher starts the class." However, :{{badjapanese|Jugyō ga hajimeru.}} is wrong, since jugyō, "the class" is the subject, marked by the particle ga. Similarly, :{{badjapanese|Sensei ga jugyō o hajimaru.}} is wrong because jugyō is the object, marked by the particle o, and the intransitive verb hajimaru does not take an object.

There are many other pairs these types of verb, for example ochiru, "to fall", and otosu, "to drop".

The Japanese names for these two types of verb are jidoushi (自動詞) for intransitive, and tadoushi (他動詞) for transitive.

The following tables list commonly occuring pairs of transitive and intransitive verbs grouped by spelling patterns.

eru-aru pairs

Please note that azukeru (預ける) and azukaru (預かる) are not a transitive/intransitive pair; both verbs are transitive.

{{jita}}

agaru 上がる (1) to enter; to go up; to rise; to climb up; to advance; to appreciate; to be promoted; to improve; to call on; to be offered; to accrue; (2) to be finished; to go bankrupt; to be caught; to let up (rain); (3) to weaken (as a battery); (4) to get ruffled ageru 上げる to give; to raise; to elevate; to fly (kites); to praise; to increase; to advance; to promote; to vomit; to usher in; to admit; to send (to school); to offer; to present; to leave with; to finish; to arrange (expenses); to observe; to perform; to quote; to mention; to bear (a child); to improve (talents); to do up (the hair); to arrest; to engage; (rains) to stop

agaru 挙がる to become prosperous; to be captured ageru 挙げる (1) to raise; to fly; (2) to give (an example)

agaru 揚がる to rise ageru 揚げる to lift; to fly; to fry.

aratamaru 改まる (1) to be renewed; (2) to stand on ceremony; to be formal; (3) to take a turn for the worse aratameru 改める to change; to alter; to reform; to revise

ataru 当たる to be hit; to be successful; to face (confront); to lie (in the direction of); to undertake; to treat; to be equivalent to; to apply to; to be applicable; to be assigned ateru 当てる (1) to hit; (2) to expose; (3) to apply (e.g. patch); (4) to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); (5) to guess (an answer); (6) to make a hit (e.g. in a lottery)

atatamaru 暖まる,温まる to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm atatameru 暖める,温める to warm; to heat

atatamaru 温まる to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm atatameru 温める to warm; to heat

atsumaru 集まる to gather; to collect; to assemble atsumeru 集める to collect; to assemble

chidimaru 縮まる to be shortened; to be contracted; to shrink chidimeru 縮める to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink

hajimaru 始まる to begin hajimeru 始める to start; to begin

hamaru 嵌まる (v5r) to get into; to go into; to fit; to be fit for; to suit; to fall into; to plunge into; to be deceived; to be taken in; to fall into a trap; to be addicted to; to be deep into hameru 嵌める (1) (col) to get in; to insert; to put on; (2) to make love

hirogaru 広がる to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around hirogeru 広げる to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden; to unfold; to open; to unroll

hiromaru 広まる to spread; to be propagated hiromeru 広める to broaden; to propagate

kakaru 掛かる to take (e.g. time, money, etc); to hang kakeru 掛ける (1) to wear; to put on; to hang; to cover; (2) to sit down; (3) to make a phone call; (4) to multiply; (5) to turn on (a switch); to play (a record); (6) to begin to; (7) to pour (water)

karamaru 絡まる to be entwined; to be involved
also '''絡む''' [からむ] (v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with karameru 絡める (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)

kasanaru 重なる to be piled up; lie on top of one another; overlap each other; (P) kasaneru 重ねる to pile up; to put something on another; to heap up; to add; to repeat

kataduku 片付く (1) to be put in order; to be put to rights; (2) to be disposed of; to be solved; (3) to be finished; (4) to be married (off) katadukeru 片付ける (1) to tidy up; to put in order; to straighten up; to put away; (2) to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); (3) to finish; to bring something to an end; (4) to marry off (e.g. a daughter); (5) to do away with someone; to bump someone off

katamaru 固まる to harden; to solidify; to become firm; to become certain katameru 固める to harden; to freeze; to fortify

kimaru 決まる (1) to be decided; to be settled; (2) to look good in (clothes) kimeru 決める to decide

kiwamaru 極まる,窮まる to terminate; to reach an extreme; to be in a dilemma; to be at an end kiwameru 極める,窮める,究める (1) to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; (2) to investigate thoroughly; to master

kiyomaru 清まる to be purified; to be cleansed kiyomeru 清める to purify; to cleanse; to exorcise

magaru 曲がる to turn; to bend mageru 曲げる to bend; to crook; to lean

marumaru 丸まる to become rounded; to roll into a ball marumeru 丸める to make round; to round off; to roll up; to curl up; to seduce; to cajole; to explain away

matomaru 纏まる to be collected; to be settled; to be in order matomeru 纏める to put in order; to collect; to bring to a conclusion

mazaru 混ざる to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join mazeru 混ぜる to mix; to stir

mitsukaru 見付かる (uk) to be found; to be discovered mitsukeru 見付ける to be familiar; to discover; to find fault; to detect; to find out; to locate

osamaru 修まる to govern oneself; to conduct oneself well osameru 修める (1) to study; to complete (a course); to cultivate; to master; (2) to order (one's life); (3) to repair (a fault one has committed)

osamaru 収まる (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered osameru 収める to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept

osamaru 治まる to be at peace; to clamp down; to lessen (storm, terror, anger) osameru 治める (1) to govern; to manage; (2) to subdue

osamaru 納まる (1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered osameru 納める to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept

sadamaru 定まる to become settled; to be fixed sadameru 定める to decide; to establish; to determine

sagaru 下がる to hang down; to abate; to retire; to fall; to step back sageru 下げる to hang; to lower; to move back; to wear; to dismiss; to grant

sebamaru 狭まる to narrow; to contract sebameru 狭める to narrow; to reduce; to contract

shimaru 絞まる to be strangled; to be constricted shimeru 絞める to strangle; to constrict

shimaru 締まる to be shut; to be locked; to become sober shimeru 締める to tie; to fasten

shimaru 閉まる to close; to be closed shimeru 閉める to close; to shut

shizumaru 静まる,鎮まる to quieten down; to calm down; to subside; to die down; to abate; to be suppressed shizumeru 静める,鎮める to appease; to suppress; to calm

somaru 染まる to dye someru 染める to dye; to colour; to color

subomaru 窄まる to get narrower; to contract subomeru 窄める to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)

sutaru 廃る to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion suteru 捨てる to throw away; to cast aside; to abandon; to resign

takamaru 高まる to rise; to swell; to be promoted takameru 高める to raise; to lift; to boost

tamaru 溜まる to collect; to gather; to save tameru 溜める to amass; to accumulate

tamaru 貯まる to be saved (e.g. money) tameru 貯める to save (i.e. in a bank)

tasukaru 助かる to be saved; to be rescued; to survive; to be helpful tasukeru 助ける,輔ける,救ける,扶ける to help; to save; to rescue; to give relief to; to spare (life); to reinforce; to promote; to abet

todomaru 止まる (1) to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); (2) to come to a halt; (3) to stop todomeru 止める to stop; to cease; to put an end to

tomaru 泊まる to stay at (e.g. hotel) tomeru 泊める to give shelter to; to lodge

tsukaru 漬かる (1) to be pickled; to be well seasoned; (2) to be submerged; to be soaked tsukeru 漬ける to soak; to moisten; to pickle

tsunagaru 繋がる to be tied together; to be connected to; to be related to tsunageru 繋げる to connect
also '''繋ぐ''' [つなぐ]
(v5g) (uk) to tie; to fasten; to connect; to transfer (phone call); (P)

tsuranaru 連なる to extend; to stretch out; to stand in a row tsuraneru 連ねる to link; to join; to put together

tsutomaru 勤まる to be fit for; to be equal to; to function properly tsutomeru 勤める (1) to serve; to fill a post; to serve under; to work (for); (2) to exert oneself; to endeavor; to endeavour; to be diligent; (3) to play (the part of)

tsuyomaru 強まる to get strong; to gain strength tsuyomeru 強める to strengthen; to emphasize; to emphasise

udaru 茹だる (1) to boil; to seethe; (2) to be oppressed by heat yuderu 茹でる to boil

uzumaru 埋まる to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled uzumeru 埋める to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)

uzumaru 埋まる to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled uzumeru 填める to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)

yurumaru 緩まる to become loose; to slacken; to soften yurumeru 緩める to loosen; to slow down

ukaru 受かる to pass (examination) ukeru 受ける to undertake; to accept; to take (lesson, test, damage); to undergo; to experience; to catch (e.g. a ball); to become popular

eru-waru pairs

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kawaru 変わる to change; to be transformed; to vary; to be revised; to be different; to move location kaeru 変える to change; to alter; to vary; to convert; to revise; to amend

kawaru 換わる to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced kaeru 換える to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace

kawaru 替わる,代わる to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced kaeru 替える,代える to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace

kuwawaru 加わる to join in; to accede to; to increase; to gain in (influence) kuwaeru 加える to append; to sum up; to add (up); to include; to increase; to inflict

owaru 終わる to finish; to close oeru 終える to finish

sonawaru 備わる (1) to be furnished with; to be endowed with; (2) to be among; to be one of; to be possessed of sonaeru 備える (1) to furnish; to provide for; to equip; to install; (2) to have ready; to prepare for; (3) to possess; to have; to be endowed with; to be armed with

suwaru 座る to sit; to squat sueru 据える to set (table); to lay (foundation); to place (gun); to apply (moxa)

tsutawaru 伝わる to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along tsutaeru 伝える to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath

uwaru 植わる to be planted ueru 植える to plant; to grow

yokotawaru 横たわる to lie down; to stretch out yokotaeru 横たえる to lie down; to lay (oneself) down

u-aru pairs

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fusagaru 塞がる to be plugged up; to be shut up fusagu 塞ぐ to stop up; to close up; to block (up); to occupy; to fill up; to take up; to stand in another's way; to plug up; to shut up

kurumaru 包まる to be wrapped up (e.g. in a blanket); to cover oneself kurumu 包む to be engulfed in; to be enveloped by; to wrap up; to tuck in; to pack; to do up; to cover with; to dress in; to conceal

sasaru 刺さる to stick; to be stuck sasu 刺す to pierce; to stab; to prick; to thrust; to bite; to sting; to pin down; to stitch; to put (a runner) out; to pole (a boat); to catch (with a line); to stick

togaru 尖る to taper to a point; to become sharp; to be sour; to look displeased togu 磨ぐ/研ぐ to sharpen; to grind; to scour; to hone; to polish; to wash (rice)

u-eru pairs

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egureru 刳れる to be gouged; to be hollowed eguru 刳る to gouge; to hollow out; to bore; to excavate; to scoop out

hajikeru 弾ける to burst open; to split open; to pop hajiku 弾く to flip; to snap

hareru 腫れる to swell (from inflammation); to become swollen haru 張る to stick; to paste; to put; to affix; to stretch; to spread; to strain; to stick out; to slap; to be expensive; to tighten

hodokeru 解ける to come untied; to come apart hodoku 解く to unfasten

kakeru 欠ける to be lacking kaku 欠く to lack; to break; to crack; to chip

kezureru 削れる to be shaved or planed kezuru 削る (1) to shave (wood or leather); to sharpen; to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; (2) to cross out; to reduce; to curtail; to remove; to erase

kireru 切れる (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind kiru 切る to cut; to chop; to hash; to carve; to saw; to clip; to shear; to slice; to strip; to fell; to cut down; to punch; to sever (connections); to pause; to break off; to disconnect; to turn off; to hang up; to cross (a street); to discount; to sell below cost; to shake (water) off; to finish; to be through; to complete

kudakeru 砕ける to break; to be broken kudaku 砕く to break; to smash

makureru 捲れる to be (get) turned up (inside out) makuru 捲る (1) to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); (2) verb suffix to indicate reckless abandon to the activity

mekureru 捲れる to be (get) turned up (inside out) mekuru 捲る to turn over; to turn pages of a book; to tear off; to strip off

nejireru 捻れる to twist; to wrench; to screw nejiru 捻る (捻じる) (1) to screw; to twist; (2) to distort; (3) to torture; to wrest

nugeru 脱げる to come off; to slip down; to slip off nugu 脱ぐ to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress

nukeru 抜ける to come out; to fall out; to be omitted; to be missing; to escape nuku 抜く (1) to extract; to omit; to surpass; to overtake; to draw out; to unplug; (2) (suf) to do something to the end

oreru 折れる to break; to be folded; to give in; to turn (a corner) oru 折る to break; to fold; to pick flower

sakeru 割ける to be separated; to be divided saku 割く to cut up; to separate; to spare (e.g. time); to cleave; to sever; to divide; to cede; to alienate

sakeru 裂ける to split; to tear; to burst saku 裂く to tear; to split

shireru 知れる to become known; to come to light; to be discovered shiru 知る to know; to understand; to be acquainted with; to feel

takeru 炊ける to be boiled; to be cooked; to be done; to be ready taku 炊く to boil; to cook

tokeru 解ける (1) to loosen; to come untied; (2) to be solved; (3) to be removed; to be cleared toku 解く to solve; to answer; to untie

toreru 取れる to come off; to be taken off; to be removed; to be obtained; to leave; to come out (e.g. photo); to be interpreted toru 取る to take; to pick up; to harvest; to earn; to choose

tsukaeru 仕える to serve; to work for tsukau 使う to use; to handle; to manipulate; to employ; to need; to want; to spend; to consume; to speak (English); to practise (fencing); to practice (fencing); to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money)

tsureru 釣れる to be fished tsuru 釣る to fish

ureru 売れる to be sold uru 売る to sell

wareru 割れる to break; to split; to cleave; to fissure; to be smashed; to crack; to be torn waru 割る to divide; to cut; to break; to halve; to separate; to split; to rip; to crack; to smash; to dilute

yabureru 破れる to get torn; to wear out yaburu 破る to tear; to violate; to defeat; to smash; to destroy

yakeru 焼ける to burn; to be roasted; to be sunburnt yaku 焼く to bake; to grill

yoreru 縒れる to get twisted; to get kinked yoru 撚る to twist (yarn); to lay (rope)

eru-u pairs

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akaramu 赤らむ to become red; to redden; to blush akarameru 赤らめる to blush; to redden

aku 開く (1) to open; to become open; to become empty akeru 開ける to open

au 合う to fit; to suit; to agree with; to match; to be correct; to be profitable aeru 和える to mix; to dress vegetables (salad)

chidimu 縮む to shrink; to be contracted chidimeru 縮める to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink

doku 退く (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw dokeru 退ける to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way

itamu 傷む to be damaged; to go bad itameru 傷める to damage; to impair; to spoil

itamu 痛む to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured itameru 痛める to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over

itamu 痛む to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured itameru 痛める to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over

karamu 絡む (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with karameru 絡める (1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)

komu 込む (1) to be crowded; (2) to go inside (usu. only when used in compound verbs) komeru 込める to include; to put into

kurushimu 苦しむ to suffer; to groan; to be worried kurushimeru 苦しめる to torment; to harass; to inflict pain

machigau 間違う to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken machigaeru 間違える to err; to make a mistake

muku 向く (1) to face; (2) to turn toward; (3) to be suited to; to be fit for
'''向かう''' [むかう]
(v5u) (1) to face; (2) to go towards mukeru 向ける to turn towards; to point

narabu 並ぶ to line up; to stand in a line naraberu 並べる to line up; to set up

noku 退く (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw nokeru 退ける to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way

nurumu 温む to cool off; to become tepid nurumeru 温める to cool something down (e.g. by adding water)

shirizoku 退く (1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw; (2) to retire shirizokeru 退ける to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject

shitagau 従う to abide (by the rules); to obey; to follow; to accompany shitagaeru 従える (1) to be accompanied by; (2) to subdue

shizumu 沈む to sink; to feel depressed shizumeru 沈める to sink; to submerge

sodatsu 育つ to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up) sodateru 育てる to raise; to rear; to bring up

somuku 背く to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe somukeru 背ける to turn one's face away; to avert one's eyes

sorou 揃う to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather soroeru 揃える to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready

sorou 揃う to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather soroeru 揃える to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready

subomu 窄む to get narrower; to contract subomeru 窄める to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)

sukumu 竦む to cower; to be cramped sukumeru 竦める to shrug (shoulders); to duck (head); to draw back (body)

susumu 進む to make progress; to advance; to improve susumeru 進める to advance; to promote; to hasten

tairagu 平らぐ to be suppressed tairageru 平らげる to subjugate; to put down (trouble); to consume (food); to eat up

tatsu 建つ to erect; to be erected; to be built tateru 建てる to build; to construc

tatsu 立つ to stand tateru 立てる to stand (something) up; to erect (something)

todoku 届く to reach todokeru 届ける to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to file notice (to the authorities)

totonou 整う to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be arranged totonoeru 整える (1) to put in order; to arrange; to adjust; (2) to get ready; to prepare; (3) to raise money

tsuduku 続く to be continued tsudukeru 続ける to continue; to keep up; to keep on

tsuku 付く to adjoin; to be attached; to adhere; to be connected with; to be dyed; to be stained; to be scarred; to be recorded; to start (fires); to follow; to become allied to; to accompany; to study with; to increase; to be added to tsukeru 付ける (1) to attach; to join; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); (2) to furnish (a house with); (3) to wear; to put on; (4) to keep a diary; to make an entry; (5) to appraise; to set (a price); (6) to bring alongside; (7) to place (under guard or doctor); (8) to follow; to shadow; (9) to load; to give (courage to); (10) to keep (an eye on); (11) to establish (relations or understanding)

tsuku 点く (1) to catch fire; (2) to be lit, e.g. electricity comes on; to be lighted tsukeru 点ける (uk) to turn on; to switch on; to light up

yamu 止む to cease; to stop; to be over yameru 止める to end; to stop; to cease; to resign

yawaragu 和らぐ to soften; to calm down; to be mitigated yawarageru 和らげる to soften; to moderate; to relieve

yurumu 緩む to become loose; to slacken yurumeru 緩める to loosen; to slow down

eru-iru pairs

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nobiru 延びる (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted; (6) to be postponed; to be prolonged noberu 延べる to make (bed); to stretch; to widen

majiru 混じる to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest; to join mazeru 混ぜる to mix; to stir

asu-eru pairs

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akeru 明ける to dawn; to become daylight; (P) akasu 明かす to pass; spend; to reveal; to divulge; (P)

areru 荒れる to be stormy; to be rough; to lose one's temper arasu 荒らす (1) to lay waste; to devastate; to damage; (2) to invade; to break into

bokeru 暈ける to grow senile; to fade (colour, color) bokasu 暈す to shade off; to obscure

deru 出る to appear; to come forth; to leave dasu 出す (1) to take out; to get out; (2) to put out; (3) to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; (4) to publish; to make public; (5) to send (e.g. letter); to start (fire)

fuyakeru 潤ける (uk) to become sodden; to swell up fuyakasu 潤かす (uk) to soak; to steep; to macerate

hareru 晴れる to be sunny; to clear away; to stop raining harasu 晴らす to dispel; to clear away; to refresh (oneself)

jireru 焦れる to get impatient; to become irritated; to fret; to chafe jirasu 焦らす (uk) to irritate

kareru 枯れる to wither; to die (plant); to be blasted (plant) karasu 枯らす to let dry; to kill (vegetation) to season (lumber)

kireru 切れる (1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind; (P) kirasu 切らす to be out of; to run out of; to be short of; to be out of stock; (P)

kogeru 焦げる to burn; to be burned kogasu 焦がす to burn; to scorch; to singe; to char

makeru 負ける to lose; to be defeated makasu 負かす to defeat

moreru 漏れる to leak out; to escape; to come through; to shine through; to filter out; to be omitted morasu 漏らす to let leak; to reveal

nareru 慣れる to grow accustomed to; to become domesticated; to become tame; to get too familiar with narasu 慣らす to accustom

nigeru 逃げる to escape; to run away nigasu 逃がす to let loose; to set free; to let escape

oboreru 溺れる to be drowned; to indulge in oborasu 溺らす (1) to drown; (2) to cause to be indulged or addicted

sameru 冷める to become cool; to wear off; to abate; to subside; to dampen; to cool down (interest); to come down (fever) samasu 冷ます to cool; to dampen; to let cool; to throw a damper on; to spoil

sameru 覚める,醒める to wake; to wake up; (P) samasu 覚ます,醒ます (1) to awaken; (2) to disabuse; (3) to sober up

tokeru 溶ける to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve tokasu 溶かす to melt; to dissolve

yureru 揺れる to shake; to sway yurasu 揺らす to rock; to shake; to swing

asu-iru pairs

{{jita}}

akiru 飽きる to get tired of; to lose interest in; to have enough akasu 飽かす to glut; to satiate; to weary; to tire; to bore; to weary

ikiru 生きる to live; to exist ikasu 生かす to revive; to resuscitate; to make use of

koriru 懲りる to learn by experience; to be disgusted with korasu 懲らす to chastise; to punish; to discipline

michiru 満ちる to be full; to rise (tide); to mature; to expire mitasu 満たす (1) to fill (e.g. a cup); (2) to satisfy; to ingratiate; to fulfill

nobiru 伸びる,延びる (1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted nobasu 伸ばす,延ばす to lengthen; to stretch; to reach out; to postpone; to prolong; to extend; to grow (beard)

osu-iru pairs

{{jita}}

ochiru 落ちる (1) to fall down; to drop; (2) to fail (e.g. exam); (3) to crash; to degenerate; to degrade otosu 落とす to drop; to lose; to let fall

oriru 下りる to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain) orosu 下ろす to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge

oriru 降りる to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain) orosu 降ろす to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge

hiru 干る to dry hosu 干す to air; to dry; to desiccate; to drain (off); to drink up

okiru 起きる (1) to get up; to rise; (2) to wake up; (3) to occur; to happen; to take place
'''起こる''' [おこる]
(v5r) to occur; to happen okosu 起こす to raise; to cause; to wake someone

sugiru 過ぎる to pass; to go beyond; to elapse; to exceed sugosu 過ごす to pass; to spend; to go through; to tide over

su-ru pairs

{{jita}}

amaru 余る to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many amasu 余す to save; to leave over; to spare

chirakaru 散らかる to be in disorder; to lie scattered around chirakasu 散らかす to scatter around; to leave untidy

hitaru 浸る to be soaked in; to be flooded hitasu 浸す to soak; to dip; to drench

iburu 燻ぶる to smoke; to smoulder; to smolder; to sputter ibusu 燻す (1) to smoke (something); to fumigate; (2) to oxidize; to oxidise

kaeru 帰る to go back; to go home; to come home; to return kaesu 帰す,還す to send back

kaeru 返る to return; to come back; to go back kaesu 返す to return something

kitaru 来る to come; to arrive; to be due to; to be next; to be forthcoming kitasu 来す to cause; to induce; to bring about a result or state; to produce

korogaru 転がる to roll; to tumble korogasu 転がす to roll

kudaru 下る,降る to get down; to descend kudasu 下す,降す to lower; to let go down

mawaru 回る (1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places mawasu 回す to turn; to revolve

modoru 戻る to turn back; to return modosu 戻す to restore; to put back; to return

naoru 直る,治る (1) to be cured; to get well; to be healed; (2) to get mended; to be repaired; to be fixed naosu 直す,治す (1) to cure; to heal; (2) to fix; to correct; to repair

naru 成る (uk) to become nasu 成す to perform; to accomplish

nigoru 濁る to become muddy; to get impure nigosu 濁す to make muddy; to prevaricate

nokoru 残る to remain; to be left nokosu 残す to leave (behind, over); to bequeath; to save; to reserve

taru 足る to be sufficient; to be enough tasu 足す (1) to add (numbers); (2) to do (e.g. one's business)

tōru 通る to pass (by); to go through; to walk along; to pass exams tōsu 通す to let pass; to overlook; to continue; to keep; to make way for; to persist in

utsuru 写る to be photographed; to be projected utsusu 写す (1) to transcribe; to duplicate; to reproduce; to imitate; to trace; (2) to describe; (3) to film; to picture; to photograph; (P)

utsuru 映る to be reflected; to harmonize with; to harmonise with; to come out (photo) utsusu 映す to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)

utsuru 移る (1) to move (house); to transfer (department); (2) to be infected; to be contagious utsusu 移す to remove; to transfer; to infect

wataru 渡る to cross over; to go across watasu 渡す to pass over; to hand over

zureru ずれる (uk) to slide; to slip off zurasu ずらす to shift; to slide (e.g., something away from something else); to move (e.g., something out of the way); to put off; to delay; (P)

asu-u pairs

{{jita}}

asobu 遊ぶ (1) to play; to make a visit (esp. for pleasure); (2) to be idle; to do nothing asobasu 遊ばす to let one play; to leave idle; to do (polite)

chiru 散る to fall; to scatter (e.g. blossoms) chirasu 散らす to scatter; to disperse; to distribute

heru 減る to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate herasu 減らす to abate; to decrease; to diminish; to shorten

kau 交う to take turns; to mingle together kawasu 交わす to exchange (messages); to dodge; to parry; to avoid; to turn aside

kawaku 乾く to get dry kawakasu 乾かす to dry (clothes, etc.); to desiccate

kogoru 凝る to congeal; to freeze kogorasu 凝らす to freeze; to congeal

koru 凝る to grow stiff; to be absorbed in; to be devoted to; to be a fanatic; to elaborate korasu 凝らす to concentrate; to devote; to apply; to strain; to rack

kumoru 曇る to become cloudy; to become dim kumorasu 曇らす to encloud; to make dim or dull; to frown

naru 鳴る to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble narasu 鳴らす to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose)

nayamu 悩む to be worried; to be troubled nayamasu 悩ます to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest

odoroku 驚く to be surprised; to be astonished odorokasu 驚かす to surprise; to frighten; to create a stir

soru 反る (1) to warp; to be warped; to curve; to be curved; to be arched; (2) to bend (backward) sorasu 反らす to bend; to warp; to curve

sumu 済む to finish; to end; to be completed sumasu 済ます (1) to finish; to get it over with; to conclude; (2) to settle; to pay back; (3) to get along (without something)

sumu 澄む,清む to clear (e.g. weather); to become transparent sumasu 澄ます,清ます to clear; to make clear; to be unruffled; to look unconcerned; to look demure; to look prim; to put on airs

teru 照る to shine terasu 照らす to shine on; to illuminate

tobu 飛ぶ to jump; to fly; to leap; to spring; to bound; to hop tobasu 飛ばす to skip over; to omit

ugoku 動く to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing; to operate; to run; to go; to work; to be touched; to be influenced; to waver; to fluctuate; to vary; to change; to be transferred ugokasu 動かす to move; to shift; to set in motion; to operate; to inspire; to rouse; to influence; to mobilize; to mobilise; to deny; to change

uku 浮く to float; to become merry; to become loose ukasu 浮かす to raise; to rise

waku 沸く to boil; to grow hot; to get excited; to gush forth wakasu 沸かす to boil; to heat

yasu-eru pairs

{{jita}}

fueru 増える to increase; to multiply fuyasu 増やす to increase; to add to; to augment

hieru 冷える to grow cold; to get chilly; to cool down hiyasu 冷やす to cool; to refrigerate

ieru 癒える to recover; to be healed iyasu 癒す to heal; to cure

koeru 肥える (1) to grow fat; to grow fertile; (2) to have good taste koyasu 肥やす to fertilize; to fertilise; to manure; to enrich

moeru 燃える to burn moyasu 燃やす to burn

tsuieru 費える to collapse tsuiyasu 費やす to spend; to devote; to waste

su-reru pairs

{{jita}}

arawareru 現れる (1) to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to come out; to embody; to materialize; to materialise; (2) to express oneself arawasu 現す to show; to indicate; to display

hanareru 離れる to be separated from; to leave; to go away; to be a long way off hanasu 離す to part; to divide; to separate

hazureru 外れる to be disconnected; to get out of place; to be off; to be out (e.g. of gear) hazusu 外す to disconnect

hogureru 解れる to come untied; to come apart hogusu 解ぐす to unfasten

kakureru 隠れる to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear kakusu 隠す to hide; to conceal

kegareru 穢れる to get dirty; to become dirty kegasu 穢す (1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain

koboreru 零れる to overflow; to spill kobosu 零す to spill

kowareru 壊れる to be broken; to break kowasu 壊す to break; to break down

kuzureru 崩れる to collapse; to crumble kuzusu 崩す to destroy; to pull down; to make change (money)

midareru 乱れる to get confused; to be disordered; to be disturbed midasu 乱す to throw out of order; to disarrange; to disturb

nagareru 流れる to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink); to be washed away nagasu 流す to drain; to float; to shed (blood, tears); to cruise (e.g. taxi)

nogareru 逃れる to escape nogasu 逃す to let loose; to set free; to let escape

taoreru 倒れる to collapse; to break down; to go bankrupt; to fall; to drop; to die; to succumb to; to fall senseless; to be ruined; to have a bad debt taosu 倒す to throw down; to beat; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to trip up; to defeat; to ruin; to overthrow; to kill; to leave unpaid; to cheat

tsubureru 潰れる to be smashed; to go bankrupt tsubusu 潰す to smash; to waste

seru-ru pairs

{{jita}}

kaburu 被る to wear; to put on (head); to pour or dash water (on oneself) kabuseru 被せる to cover (with something); to plate something (with a metal); to pour or dash a liquid (on something); to charge (a person with a guilt); (P)

noru 乗る (1) to get on; to ride in; to board; to mount; to get up on; (2) to spread (paints); to be taken in; (3) to share in; to join; to be found in (a dictionary); to feel like doing; to be mentioned in; to be in harmony with noseru 乗せる to place on (something); to take on board; etc.

okureru 遅れる to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind schedule; to be overdue okuraseru 遅らせる to retard; to delay

yoru 寄る to visit; to drop in; to approach yoseru 寄せる (1) to come near; to let someone approach; (2) to collect; to gather; to add; to put aside

Other pairs

This table contains pairs that don't fit into the above categories.

{{jita}}

hairu 入る to get in; to go in; to come in; to flow into; to set; to set in ireru 入れる to put in; to take in; to bring in; to let in; to admit; to introduce; to commit (to prison); to usher in; to insert; to set (jewels); to employ; to listen to; to tolerate; to comprehend; to include; to pay (interest); to cast (votes)

furueru 震える to shiver; to shake; to quake furuwaseru 震わせる to be shaking; to be trembling

kieru 消える to go out; to vanish; to disappear; (P) kesu 消す (1) to erase; to delete; (2) to turn off power; (3) to bump off (sl); (P)

kikoeru 聞こえる (1) to be heard; to be audible; (2) to be said to be; to be reputed kiku 聞く (1) to hear; to listen; (2) to ask

koeru 越える to exceed; to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to pass over (out of) kosu 越す (1) to cross over (e.g. mountain); to go across; (2) to go over (e.g. with audience); (3) to pass (time, e.g. a winter); (4) to surpass; to be better than; (5) to move house

komoru 籠もる to seclude oneself; to be confined in; to be implied; to be stuffy komeru 込める to include; to put into

mieru 見える to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to appear miru 見る (1) to see; to watch; (2) (as an auxiliary verb) to try

nakunaru 無くなる to disappear; to get lost nakusu 無くす (1) to lose something; (2) to get rid of

neru 寝る to go to bed; to lie down; to sleep nekasu 寝かす to put to sleep; to lay (something) on its side

nieru 煮える to boil; to cook; to be cooked niru 煮る to boil; to cook

oyobu 及ぶ to reach; to come up to; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend; to match; to equal oyobosu 及ぼす to exert; to cause; to exercise

umareru 生まれる to be born umu 生む to give birth; to deliver; to produce

wakareru 分かれる to branch off; to diverge from; to fork; to split; to dispense; to scatter; to divide into wakeru 分ける to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between)

References and acknowledgements

The verb table in this page is based on an earlier version by Jim Breen, which in turn was based on:

the material on the page of transitive/intransitive verb pairs prepared by Shinji Takasugi;

additional verb pairs listed in William McClure's excellent book: Using Japanese (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000);

a transitive/intransitive verb-list from the earlier SLJAFAQ;

verb pairs suggested by contibutors to the sci.lang.japan Usenet newsgroup.

A Dictionary of Basic Japanese Grammar, appendix 3, page 585.

agaru	上がる	(1) to enter; to go up; to rise; to climb up; to advance; to appreciate; to be promoted; to improve; to call on; to be offered; to accrue; (2) to be finished; to go bankrupt; to be caught; to let up (rain); (3) to weaken (as a battery); (4) to get ruffled	ageru	上げる	to give; to raise; to elevate; to fly (kites); to praise; to increase; to advance; to promote; to vomit; to usher in; to admit; to send (to school); to offer; to present; to leave with; to finish; to arrange (expenses); to observe; to perform; to quote; to mention; to bear (a child); to improve (talents); to do up (the hair); to arrest; to engage; (rains) to stop
agaru	挙がる	to become prosperous; to be captured	ageru	挙げる	(1) to raise; to fly; (2) to give (an example)
agaru	揚がる	to rise	ageru	揚げる	to lift; to fly; to fry.
aratamaru	改まる	(1) to be renewed; (2) to stand on ceremony; to be formal; (3) to take a turn for the worse	aratameru	改める	to change; to alter; to reform; to revise
ataru	当たる	to be hit; to be successful; to face (confront); to lie (in the direction of); to undertake; to treat; to be equivalent to; to apply to; to be applicable; to be assigned	ateru	当てる	(1) to hit; (2) to expose; (3) to apply (e.g. patch); (4) to allot; to call on someone (e.g. in class); (5) to guess (an answer); (6) to make a hit (e.g. in a lottery)
atatamaru	暖まる,温まる	to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm	atatameru	暖める,温める	to warm; to heat
atatamaru	温まる	to warm oneself; to sun oneself; to warm up; to get warm	atatameru	温める	to warm; to heat
atsumaru	集まる	to gather; to collect; to assemble	atsumeru	集める	to collect; to assemble
chidimaru	縮まる	to be shortened; to be contracted; to shrink	chidimeru	縮める	to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink
hajimaru	始まる	to begin	hajimeru	始める	to start; to begin
hamaru	嵌まる	(v5r) to get into; to go into; to fit; to be fit for; to suit; to fall into; to plunge into; to be deceived; to be taken in; to fall into a trap; to be addicted to; to be deep into	hameru	嵌める	(1) (col) to get in; to insert; to put on; (2) to make love
hirogaru	広がる	to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around	hirogeru	広げる	to spread; to extend; to expand; to enlarge; to widen; to broaden; to unfold; to open; to unroll
hiromaru	広まる	to spread; to be propagated	hiromeru	広める	to broaden; to propagate
kakaru	掛かる	to take (e.g. time, money, etc); to hang	kakeru	掛ける	(1) to wear; to put on; to hang; to cover; (2) to sit down; (3) to make a phone call; (4) to multiply; (5) to turn on (a switch); to play (a record); (6) to begin to; (7) to pour (water)
karamaru	絡まる	to be entwined; to be involved also '''絡む''' [からむ] (v5m) (1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with	karameru	絡める	(1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)
kasanaru	重なる	to be piled up; lie on top of one another; overlap each other; (P)	kasaneru	重ねる	to pile up; to put something on another; to heap up; to add; to repeat
kataduku	片付く	(1) to be put in order; to be put to rights; (2) to be disposed of; to be solved; (3) to be finished; (4) to be married (off)	katadukeru	片付ける	(1) to tidy up; to put in order; to straighten up; to put away; (2) to settle (problem); to clear (dispute); (3) to finish; to bring something to an end; (4) to marry off (e.g. a daughter); (5) to do away with someone; to bump someone off
katamaru	固まる	to harden; to solidify; to become firm; to become certain	katameru	固める	to harden; to freeze; to fortify
kimaru	決まる	(1) to be decided; to be settled; (2) to look good in (clothes)	kimeru	決める	to decide
kiwamaru	極まる,窮まる	to terminate; to reach an extreme; to be in a dilemma; to be at an end	kiwameru	極める,窮める,究める	(1) to carry to extremes; to go to the end of something; (2) to investigate thoroughly; to master
kiyomaru	清まる	to be purified; to be cleansed	kiyomeru	清める	to purify; to cleanse; to exorcise
magaru	曲がる	to turn; to bend	mageru	曲げる	to bend; to crook; to lean
marumaru	丸まる	to become rounded; to roll into a ball	marumeru	丸める	to make round; to round off; to roll up; to curl up; to seduce; to cajole; to explain away
matomaru	纏まる	to be collected; to be settled; to be in order	matomeru	纏める	to put in order; to collect; to bring to a conclusion
mazaru	混ざる	to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to join	mazeru	混ぜる	to mix; to stir
mitsukaru	見付かる	(uk) to be found; to be discovered	mitsukeru	見付ける	to be familiar; to discover; to find fault; to detect; to find out; to locate
osamaru	修まる	to govern oneself; to conduct oneself well	osameru	修める	(1) to study; to complete (a course); to cultivate; to master; (2) to order (one's life); (3) to repair (a fault one has committed)
osamaru	収まる	(1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered	osameru	収める	to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept
osamaru	治まる	to be at peace; to clamp down; to lessen (storm, terror, anger)	osameru	治める	(1) to govern; to manage; (2) to subdue
osamaru	納まる	(1) to be in one's place; to be installed; to settle into; (2) to be obtained; to be settled; to be paid; to be delivered	osameru	納める	to obtain; to reap; to pay; to supply; to accept
sadamaru	定まる	to become settled; to be fixed	sadameru	定める	to decide; to establish; to determine
sagaru	下がる	to hang down; to abate; to retire; to fall; to step back	sageru	下げる	to hang; to lower; to move back; to wear; to dismiss; to grant
sebamaru	狭まる	to narrow; to contract	sebameru	狭める	to narrow; to reduce; to contract
shimaru	絞まる	to be strangled; to be constricted	shimeru	絞める	to strangle; to constrict
shimaru	締まる	to be shut; to be locked; to become sober	shimeru	締める	to tie; to fasten
shimaru	閉まる	to close; to be closed	shimeru	閉める	to close; to shut
shizumaru	静まる,鎮まる	to quieten down; to calm down; to subside; to die down; to abate; to be suppressed	shizumeru	静める,鎮める	to appease; to suppress; to calm
somaru	染まる	to dye	someru	染める	to dye; to colour; to color
subomaru	窄まる	to get narrower; to contract	subomeru	窄める	to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)
sutaru	廃る	to go out of use; to become obsolete; to die out; to go out of fashion	suteru	捨てる	to throw away; to cast aside; to abandon; to resign
takamaru	高まる	to rise; to swell; to be promoted	takameru	高める	to raise; to lift; to boost
tamaru	溜まる	to collect; to gather; to save	tameru	溜める	to amass; to accumulate
tamaru	貯まる	to be saved (e.g. money)	tameru	貯める	to save (i.e. in a bank)
tasukaru	助かる	to be saved; to be rescued; to survive; to be helpful	tasukeru	助ける,輔ける,救ける,扶ける	to help; to save; to rescue; to give relief to; to spare (life); to reinforce; to promote; to abet
todomaru	止まる	(1) to remain; to abide; to stay (in the one place); (2) to come to a halt; (3) to stop	todomeru	止める	to stop; to cease; to put an end to
tomaru	泊まる	to stay at (e.g. hotel)	tomeru	泊める	to give shelter to; to lodge
tsukaru	漬かる	(1) to be pickled; to be well seasoned; (2) to be submerged; to be soaked	tsukeru	漬ける	to soak; to moisten; to pickle
tsunagaru	繋がる	to be tied together; to be connected to; to be related to	tsunageru	繋げる	to connect also '''繋ぐ''' [つなぐ] (v5g) (uk) to tie; to fasten; to connect; to transfer (phone call); (P)
tsuranaru	連なる	to extend; to stretch out; to stand in a row	tsuraneru	連ねる	to link; to join; to put together
tsutomaru	勤まる	to be fit for; to be equal to; to function properly	tsutomeru	勤める	(1) to serve; to fill a post; to serve under; to work (for); (2) to exert oneself; to endeavor; to endeavour; to be diligent; (3) to play (the part of)
tsuyomaru	強まる	to get strong; to gain strength	tsuyomeru	強める	to strengthen; to emphasize; to emphasise
udaru	茹だる	(1) to boil; to seethe; (2) to be oppressed by heat	yuderu	茹でる	to boil
uzumaru	埋まる	to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled	uzumeru	埋める	to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)
uzumaru	埋まる	to be buried; to be surrounded; to overflow; to be filled	uzumeru	填める	to bury (e.g. one's face in hands)
yurumaru	緩まる	to become loose; to slacken; to soften	yurumeru	緩める	to loosen; to slow down
ukaru	受かる	to pass (examination)	ukeru	受ける	to undertake; to accept; to take (lesson, test, damage); to undergo; to experience; to catch (e.g. a ball); to become popular

kawaru	変わる	to change; to be transformed; to vary; to be revised; to be different; to move location	kaeru	変える	to change; to alter; to vary; to convert; to revise; to amend
kawaru	換わる	to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced	kaeru	換える	to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace
kawaru	替わる,代わる	to take the place of; to relieve; to be substituted for; to be exchanged; to change places with; to take turns; to be replaced	kaeru	替える,代える	to exchange; to interchange; to substitute; to replace
kuwawaru	加わる	to join in; to accede to; to increase; to gain in (influence)	kuwaeru	加える	to append; to sum up; to add (up); to include; to increase; to inflict
owaru	終わる	to finish; to close	oeru	終える	to finish
sonawaru	備わる	(1) to be furnished with; to be endowed with; (2) to be among; to be one of; to be possessed of	sonaeru	備える	(1) to furnish; to provide for; to equip; to install; (2) to have ready; to prepare for; (3) to possess; to have; to be endowed with; to be armed with
suwaru	座る	to sit; to squat	sueru	据える	to set (table); to lay (foundation); to place (gun); to apply (moxa)
tsutawaru	伝わる	to be handed down; to be introduced; to be transmitted; to be circulated; to go along; to walk along	tsutaeru	伝える	to convey; to report; to transmit; to communicate; to tell; to impart; to propagate; to teach; to bequeath
uwaru	植わる	to be planted	ueru	植える	to plant; to grow
yokotawaru	横たわる	to lie down; to stretch out	yokotaeru	横たえる	to lie down; to lay (oneself) down

fusagaru	塞がる	to be plugged up; to be shut up	fusagu	塞ぐ	to stop up; to close up; to block (up); to occupy; to fill up; to take up; to stand in another's way; to plug up; to shut up
kurumaru	包まる	to be wrapped up (e.g. in a blanket); to cover oneself	kurumu	包む	to be engulfed in; to be enveloped by; to wrap up; to tuck in; to pack; to do up; to cover with; to dress in; to conceal
sasaru	刺さる	to stick; to be stuck	sasu	刺す	to pierce; to stab; to prick; to thrust; to bite; to sting; to pin down; to stitch; to put (a runner) out; to pole (a boat); to catch (with a line); to stick
togaru	尖る	to taper to a point; to become sharp; to be sour; to look displeased	togu	磨ぐ/研ぐ	to sharpen; to grind; to scour; to hone; to polish; to wash (rice)

egureru	刳れる	to be gouged; to be hollowed	eguru	刳る	to gouge; to hollow out; to bore; to excavate; to scoop out
hajikeru	弾ける	to burst open; to split open; to pop	hajiku	弾く	to flip; to snap
hareru	腫れる	to swell (from inflammation); to become swollen	haru	張る	to stick; to paste; to put; to affix; to stretch; to spread; to strain; to stick out; to slap; to be expensive; to tighten
hodokeru	解ける	to come untied; to come apart	hodoku	解く	to unfasten
kakeru	欠ける	to be lacking	kaku	欠く	to lack; to break; to crack; to chip
kezureru	削れる	to be shaved or planed	kezuru	削る	(1) to shave (wood or leather); to sharpen; to plane; to whittle; to pare; to scrape off; (2) to cross out; to reduce; to curtail; to remove; to erase
kireru	切れる	(1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind	kiru	切る	to cut; to chop; to hash; to carve; to saw; to clip; to shear; to slice; to strip; to fell; to cut down; to punch; to sever (connections); to pause; to break off; to disconnect; to turn off; to hang up; to cross (a street); to discount; to sell below cost; to shake (water) off; to finish; to be through; to complete
kudakeru	砕ける	to break; to be broken	kudaku	砕く	to break; to smash
makureru	捲れる	to be (get) turned up (inside out)	makuru	捲る	(1) to turn up; to roll up (e.g. sleeves); (2) verb suffix to indicate reckless abandon to the activity
mekureru	捲れる	to be (get) turned up (inside out)	mekuru	捲る	to turn over; to turn pages of a book; to tear off; to strip off
nejireru	捻れる	to twist; to wrench; to screw	nejiru	捻る (捻じる)	(1) to screw; to twist; (2) to distort; (3) to torture; to wrest
nugeru	脱げる	to come off; to slip down; to slip off	nugu	脱ぐ	to take off (clothes, shoes, etc.); to undress
nukeru	抜ける	to come out; to fall out; to be omitted; to be missing; to escape	nuku	抜く	(1) to extract; to omit; to surpass; to overtake; to draw out; to unplug; (2) (suf) to do something to the end
oreru	折れる	to break; to be folded; to give in; to turn (a corner)	oru	折る	to break; to fold; to pick flower
sakeru	割ける	to be separated; to be divided	saku	割く	to cut up; to separate; to spare (e.g. time); to cleave; to sever; to divide; to cede; to alienate
sakeru	裂ける	to split; to tear; to burst	saku	裂く	to tear; to split
shireru	知れる	to become known; to come to light; to be discovered	shiru	知る	to know; to understand; to be acquainted with; to feel
takeru	炊ける	to be boiled; to be cooked; to be done; to be ready	taku	炊く	to boil; to cook
tokeru	解ける	(1) to loosen; to come untied; (2) to be solved; (3) to be removed; to be cleared	toku	解く	to solve; to answer; to untie
toreru	取れる	to come off; to be taken off; to be removed; to be obtained; to leave; to come out (e.g. photo); to be interpreted	toru	取る	to take; to pick up; to harvest; to earn; to choose
tsukaeru	仕える	to serve; to work for	tsukau	使う	to use; to handle; to manipulate; to employ; to need; to want; to spend; to consume; to speak (English); to practise (fencing); to practice (fencing); to take (one's lunch); to circulate (bad money)
tsureru	釣れる	to be fished	tsuru	釣る	to fish
ureru	売れる	to be sold	uru	売る	to sell
wareru	割れる	to break; to split; to cleave; to fissure; to be smashed; to crack; to be torn	waru	割る	to divide; to cut; to break; to halve; to separate; to split; to rip; to crack; to smash; to dilute
yabureru	破れる	to get torn; to wear out	yaburu	破る	to tear; to violate; to defeat; to smash; to destroy
yakeru	焼ける	to burn; to be roasted; to be sunburnt	yaku	焼く	to bake; to grill
yoreru	縒れる	to get twisted; to get kinked	yoru	撚る	to twist (yarn); to lay (rope)

akaramu	赤らむ	to become red; to redden; to blush	akarameru	赤らめる	to blush; to redden
aku	開く	(1) to open; to become open; to become empty	akeru	開ける	to open
au	合う	to fit; to suit; to agree with; to match; to be correct; to be profitable	aeru	和える	to mix; to dress vegetables (salad)
chidimu	縮む	to shrink; to be contracted	chidimeru	縮める	to shorten; to reduce; to boil down; to shrink
doku	退く	(1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw	dokeru	退ける	to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way
itamu	傷む	to be damaged; to go bad	itameru	傷める	to damage; to impair; to spoil
itamu	痛む	to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured	itameru	痛める	to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over
itamu	痛む	to hurt; to feel a pain; to be injured	itameru	痛める	to hurt; to injure; to cause pain; to worry; to bother; to afflict; to be grieved over
karamu	絡む	(1) to entangle; to entwine; (2) to pick a quarrel; (3) to be involved with	karameru	絡める	(1) to arrest; (2) to entwine; to twine around; (3) to coordinate (with)
komu	込む	(1) to be crowded; (2) to go inside (usu. only when used in compound verbs)	komeru	込める	to include; to put into
kurushimu	苦しむ	to suffer; to groan; to be worried	kurushimeru	苦しめる	to torment; to harass; to inflict pain
machigau	間違う	to make a mistake; to be incorrect; to be mistaken	machigaeru	間違える	to err; to make a mistake
muku	向く	(1) to face; (2) to turn toward; (3) to be suited to; to be fit for '''向かう''' [むかう] (v5u) (1) to face; (2) to go towards	mukeru	向ける	to turn towards; to point
narabu	並ぶ	to line up; to stand in a line	naraberu	並べる	to line up; to set up
noku	退く	(1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw	nokeru	退ける	to remove; to take away; to dislodge; to put something out of the way
nurumu	温む	to cool off; to become tepid	nurumeru	温める	to cool something down (e.g. by adding water)
shirizoku	退く	(1) to retreat; to recede; to withdraw; (2) to retire	shirizokeru	退ける	to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
shitagau	従う	to abide (by the rules); to obey; to follow; to accompany	shitagaeru	従える	(1) to be accompanied by; (2) to subdue
shizumu	沈む	to sink; to feel depressed	shizumeru	沈める	to sink; to submerge
sodatsu	育つ	to be raised (e.g. child); to be brought up; to grow (up)	sodateru	育てる	to raise; to rear; to bring up
somuku	背く	to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe	somukeru	背ける	to turn one's face away; to avert one's eyes
sorou	揃う	to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather	soroeru	揃える	to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready
sorou	揃う	to become complete; to be equal; to be all present; to gather	soroeru	揃える	to put things in order; to arrange; to make uniform; to get something ready
subomu	窄む	to get narrower; to contract	subomeru	窄める	to make narrower; to shut (an umbrella); to shrug (one's shoulders); to purse (one's lips)
sukumu	竦む	to cower; to be cramped	sukumeru	竦める	to shrug (shoulders); to duck (head); to draw back (body)
susumu	進む	to make progress; to advance; to improve	susumeru	進める	to advance; to promote; to hasten
tairagu	平らぐ	to be suppressed	tairageru	平らげる	to subjugate; to put down (trouble); to consume (food); to eat up
tatsu	建つ	to erect; to be erected; to be built	tateru	建てる	to build; to construc
tatsu	立つ	to stand	tateru	立てる	to stand (something) up; to erect (something)
todoku	届く	to reach	todokeru	届ける	to deliver; to forward; to send; to report; to file notice (to the authorities)
totonou	整う	to be prepared; to be in order; to be put in order; to be arranged	totonoeru	整える	(1) to put in order; to arrange; to adjust; (2) to get ready; to prepare; (3) to raise money
tsuduku	続く	to be continued	tsudukeru	続ける	to continue; to keep up; to keep on
tsuku	付く	to adjoin; to be attached; to adhere; to be connected with; to be dyed; to be stained; to be scarred; to be recorded; to start (fires); to follow; to become allied to; to accompany; to study with; to increase; to be added to	tsukeru	付ける	(1) to attach; to join; to add; to append; to affix; to stick; to glue; to fasten; to sew on; to apply (ointment); (2) to furnish (a house with); (3) to wear; to put on; (4) to keep a diary; to make an entry; (5) to appraise; to set (a price); (6) to bring alongside; (7) to place (under guard or doctor); (8) to follow; to shadow; (9) to load; to give (courage to); (10) to keep (an eye on); (11) to establish (relations or understanding)
tsuku	点く	(1) to catch fire; (2) to be lit, e.g. electricity comes on; to be lighted	tsukeru	点ける	(uk) to turn on; to switch on; to light up
yamu	止む	to cease; to stop; to be over	yameru	止める	to end; to stop; to cease; to resign
yawaragu	和らぐ	to soften; to calm down; to be mitigated	yawarageru	和らげる	to soften; to moderate; to relieve
yurumu	緩む	to become loose; to slacken	yurumeru	緩める	to loosen; to slow down

nobiru	延びる	(1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted; (6) to be postponed; to be prolonged	noberu	延べる	to make (bed); to stretch; to widen
majiru	混じる	to be mixed; to be blended with; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest; to join	mazeru	混ぜる	to mix; to stir

akeru	明ける	to dawn; to become daylight; (P)	akasu	明かす	to pass; spend; to reveal; to divulge; (P)
areru	荒れる	to be stormy; to be rough; to lose one's temper	arasu	荒らす	(1) to lay waste; to devastate; to damage; (2) to invade; to break into
bokeru	暈ける	to grow senile; to fade (colour, color)	bokasu	暈す	to shade off; to obscure
deru	出る	to appear; to come forth; to leave	dasu	出す	(1) to take out; to get out; (2) to put out; (3) to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; (4) to publish; to make public; (5) to send (e.g. letter); to start (fire)
fuyakeru	潤ける	(uk) to become sodden; to swell up	fuyakasu	潤かす	(uk) to soak; to steep; to macerate
hareru	晴れる	to be sunny; to clear away; to stop raining	harasu	晴らす	to dispel; to clear away; to refresh (oneself)
jireru	焦れる	to get impatient; to become irritated; to fret; to chafe	jirasu	焦らす	(uk) to irritate
kareru	枯れる	to wither; to die (plant); to be blasted (plant)	karasu	枯らす	to let dry; to kill (vegetation) to season (lumber)
kireru	切れる	(1) to cut well; to be sharp; (2) to break (off); to snap; to wear out; (3) to be injured; (4) to burst; to collapse; (5) to be disconnected; to be out of; to expire; to sever (connections) with; (6) to be shrewd; to have a sharp mind; (P)	kirasu	切らす	to be out of; to run out of; to be short of; to be out of stock; (P)
kogeru	焦げる	to burn; to be burned	kogasu	焦がす	to burn; to scorch; to singe; to char
makeru	負ける	to lose; to be defeated	makasu	負かす	to defeat
moreru	漏れる	to leak out; to escape; to come through; to shine through; to filter out; to be omitted	morasu	漏らす	to let leak; to reveal
nareru	慣れる	to grow accustomed to; to become domesticated; to become tame; to get too familiar with	narasu	慣らす	to accustom
nigeru	逃げる	to escape; to run away	nigasu	逃がす	to let loose; to set free; to let escape
oboreru	溺れる	to be drowned; to indulge in	oborasu	溺らす	(1) to drown; (2) to cause to be indulged or addicted
sameru	冷める	to become cool; to wear off; to abate; to subside; to dampen; to cool down (interest); to come down (fever)	samasu	冷ます	to cool; to dampen; to let cool; to throw a damper on; to spoil
sameru	覚める,醒める	to wake; to wake up; (P)	samasu	覚ます,醒ます	(1) to awaken; (2) to disabuse; (3) to sober up
tokeru	溶ける	to melt; to thaw; to fuse; to dissolve	tokasu	溶かす	to melt; to dissolve
yureru	揺れる	to shake; to sway	yurasu	揺らす	to rock; to shake; to swing

akiru	飽きる	to get tired of; to lose interest in; to have enough	akasu	飽かす	to glut; to satiate; to weary; to tire; to bore; to weary
ikiru	生きる	to live; to exist	ikasu	生かす	to revive; to resuscitate; to make use of
koriru	懲りる	to learn by experience; to be disgusted with	korasu	懲らす	to chastise; to punish; to discipline
michiru	満ちる	to be full; to rise (tide); to mature; to expire	mitasu	満たす	(1) to fill (e.g. a cup); (2) to satisfy; to ingratiate; to fulfill
nobiru	伸びる,延びる	(1) to stretch; to extend; to lengthen; to spread; (2) to make progress; to grow (beard, body height); (3) to grow stale (soba); (4) to be straightened; to be flattened; to be smoothed; (5) to be exhausted	nobasu	伸ばす,延ばす	to lengthen; to stretch; to reach out; to postpone; to prolong; to extend; to grow (beard)

ochiru	落ちる	(1) to fall down; to drop; (2) to fail (e.g. exam); (3) to crash; to degenerate; to degrade	otosu	落とす	to drop; to lose; to let fall
oriru	下りる	to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain)	orosu	下ろす	to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge
oriru	降りる	to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to descend (e.g. a mountain)	orosu	降ろす	to take down; to launch; to drop; to lower; to let (a person) off; to unload; to discharge
hiru	干る	to dry	hosu	干す	to air; to dry; to desiccate; to drain (off); to drink up
okiru	起きる	(1) to get up; to rise; (2) to wake up; (3) to occur; to happen; to take place '''起こる''' [おこる] (v5r) to occur; to happen	okosu	起こす	to raise; to cause; to wake someone
sugiru	過ぎる	to pass; to go beyond; to elapse; to exceed	sugosu	過ごす	to pass; to spend; to go through; to tide over

amaru	余る	to remain; to be left over; to be in excess; to be too many	amasu	余す	to save; to leave over; to spare
chirakaru	散らかる	to be in disorder; to lie scattered around	chirakasu	散らかす	to scatter around; to leave untidy
hitaru	浸る	to be soaked in; to be flooded	hitasu	浸す	to soak; to dip; to drench
iburu	燻ぶる	to smoke; to smoulder; to smolder; to sputter	ibusu	燻す	(1) to smoke (something); to fumigate; (2) to oxidize; to oxidise
kaeru	帰る	to go back; to go home; to come home; to return	kaesu	帰す,還す	to send back
kaeru	返る	to return; to come back; to go back	kaesu	返す	to return something
kitaru	来る	to come; to arrive; to be due to; to be next; to be forthcoming	kitasu	来す	to cause; to induce; to bring about a result or state; to produce
korogaru	転がる	to roll; to tumble	korogasu	転がす	to roll
kudaru	下る,降る	to get down; to descend	kudasu	下す,降す	to lower; to let go down
mawaru	回る	(1) to turn; to revolve; (2) to visit several places	mawasu	回す	to turn; to revolve
modoru	戻る	to turn back; to return	modosu	戻す	to restore; to put back; to return
naoru	直る,治る	(1) to be cured; to get well; to be healed; (2) to get mended; to be repaired; to be fixed	naosu	直す,治す	(1) to cure; to heal; (2) to fix; to correct; to repair
naru	成る	(uk) to become	nasu	成す	to perform; to accomplish
nigoru	濁る	to become muddy; to get impure	nigosu	濁す	to make muddy; to prevaricate
nokoru	残る	to remain; to be left	nokosu	残す	to leave (behind, over); to bequeath; to save; to reserve
taru	足る	to be sufficient; to be enough	tasu	足す	(1) to add (numbers); (2) to do (e.g. one's business)
tōru	通る	to pass (by); to go through; to walk along; to pass exams	tōsu	通す	to let pass; to overlook; to continue; to keep; to make way for; to persist in
utsuru	写る	to be photographed; to be projected	utsusu	写す	(1) to transcribe; to duplicate; to reproduce; to imitate; to trace; (2) to describe; (3) to film; to picture; to photograph; (P)
utsuru	映る	to be reflected; to harmonize with; to harmonise with; to come out (photo)	utsusu	映す	to project; to reflect; to cast (shadow)
utsuru	移る	(1) to move (house); to transfer (department); (2) to be infected; to be contagious	utsusu	移す	to remove; to transfer; to infect
wataru	渡る	to cross over; to go across	watasu	渡す	to pass over; to hand over
zureru	ずれる	(uk) to slide; to slip off	zurasu	ずらす	to shift; to slide (e.g., something away from something else); to move (e.g., something out of the way); to put off; to delay; (P)

asobu	遊ぶ	(1) to play; to make a visit (esp. for pleasure); (2) to be idle; to do nothing	asobasu	遊ばす	to let one play; to leave idle; to do (polite)
chiru	散る	to fall; to scatter (e.g. blossoms)	chirasu	散らす	to scatter; to disperse; to distribute
heru	減る	to decrease (in size or number); to diminish; to abate	herasu	減らす	to abate; to decrease; to diminish; to shorten
kau	交う	to take turns; to mingle together	kawasu	交わす	to exchange (messages); to dodge; to parry; to avoid; to turn aside
kawaku	乾く	to get dry	kawakasu	乾かす	to dry (clothes, etc.); to desiccate
kogoru	凝る	to congeal; to freeze	kogorasu	凝らす	to freeze; to congeal
koru	凝る	to grow stiff; to be absorbed in; to be devoted to; to be a fanatic; to elaborate	korasu	凝らす	to concentrate; to devote; to apply; to strain; to rack
kumoru	曇る	to become cloudy; to become dim	kumorasu	曇らす	to encloud; to make dim or dull; to frown
naru	鳴る	to sound; to ring; to resound; to echo; to roar; to rumble	narasu	鳴らす	to ring; to sound; to chime; to beat; to snort (nose)
nayamu	悩む	to be worried; to be troubled	nayamasu	悩ます	to afflict; to torment; to harass; to molest
odoroku	驚く	to be surprised; to be astonished	odorokasu	驚かす	to surprise; to frighten; to create a stir
soru	反る	(1) to warp; to be warped; to curve; to be curved; to be arched; (2) to bend (backward)	sorasu	反らす	to bend; to warp; to curve
sumu	済む	to finish; to end; to be completed	sumasu	済ます	(1) to finish; to get it over with; to conclude; (2) to settle; to pay back; (3) to get along (without something)
sumu	澄む,清む	to clear (e.g. weather); to become transparent	sumasu	澄ます,清ます	to clear; to make clear; to be unruffled; to look unconcerned; to look demure; to look prim; to put on airs
teru	照る	to shine	terasu	照らす	to shine on; to illuminate
tobu	飛ぶ	to jump; to fly; to leap; to spring; to bound; to hop	tobasu	飛ばす	to skip over; to omit
ugoku	動く	to move; to stir; to shift; to shake; to swing; to operate; to run; to go; to work; to be touched; to be influenced; to waver; to fluctuate; to vary; to change; to be transferred	ugokasu	動かす	to move; to shift; to set in motion; to operate; to inspire; to rouse; to influence; to mobilize; to mobilise; to deny; to change
uku	浮く	to float; to become merry; to become loose	ukasu	浮かす	to raise; to rise
waku	沸く	to boil; to grow hot; to get excited; to gush forth	wakasu	沸かす	to boil; to heat

fueru	増える	to increase; to multiply	fuyasu	増やす	to increase; to add to; to augment
hieru	冷える	to grow cold; to get chilly; to cool down	hiyasu	冷やす	to cool; to refrigerate
ieru	癒える	to recover; to be healed	iyasu	癒す	to heal; to cure
koeru	肥える	(1) to grow fat; to grow fertile; (2) to have good taste	koyasu	肥やす	to fertilize; to fertilise; to manure; to enrich
moeru	燃える	to burn	moyasu	燃やす	to burn
tsuieru	費える	to collapse	tsuiyasu	費やす	to spend; to devote; to waste

arawareru	現れる	(1) to appear; to come in sight; to become visible; to come out; to embody; to materialize; to materialise; (2) to express oneself	arawasu	現す	to show; to indicate; to display
hanareru	離れる	to be separated from; to leave; to go away; to be a long way off	hanasu	離す	to part; to divide; to separate
hazureru	外れる	to be disconnected; to get out of place; to be off; to be out (e.g. of gear)	hazusu	外す	to disconnect
hogureru	解れる	to come untied; to come apart	hogusu	解ぐす	to unfasten
kakureru	隠れる	to hide; to be hidden; to conceal oneself; to disappear	kakusu	隠す	to hide; to conceal
kegareru	穢れる	to get dirty; to become dirty	kegasu	穢す	(1) to disgrace; to dishonour; to dishonor; (2) to pollute; to contaminate; to soil; to make dirty; to stain
koboreru	零れる	to overflow; to spill	kobosu	零す	to spill
kowareru	壊れる	to be broken; to break	kowasu	壊す	to break; to break down
kuzureru	崩れる	to collapse; to crumble	kuzusu	崩す	to destroy; to pull down; to make change (money)
midareru	乱れる	to get confused; to be disordered; to be disturbed	midasu	乱す	to throw out of order; to disarrange; to disturb
nagareru	流れる	to stream; to flow (liquid, time, etc.); to run (ink); to be washed away	nagasu	流す	to drain; to float; to shed (blood, tears); to cruise (e.g. taxi)
nogareru	逃れる	to escape	nogasu	逃す	to let loose; to set free; to let escape
taoreru	倒れる	to collapse; to break down; to go bankrupt; to fall; to drop; to die; to succumb to; to fall senseless; to be ruined; to have a bad debt	taosu	倒す	to throw down; to beat; to bring down; to blow down; to fell; to knock down; to trip up; to defeat; to ruin; to overthrow; to kill; to leave unpaid; to cheat
tsubureru	潰れる	to be smashed; to go bankrupt	tsubusu	潰す	to smash; to waste

kaburu	被る	to wear; to put on (head); to pour or dash water (on oneself)	kabuseru	被せる	to cover (with something); to plate something (with a metal); to pour or dash a liquid (on something); to charge (a person with a guilt); (P)
noru	乗る	(1) to get on; to ride in; to board; to mount; to get up on; (2) to spread (paints); to be taken in; (3) to share in; to join; to be found in (a dictionary); to feel like doing; to be mentioned in; to be in harmony with	noseru	乗せる	to place on (something); to take on board; etc.
okureru	遅れる	to be late; to be delayed; to fall behind schedule; to be overdue	okuraseru	遅らせる	to retard; to delay
yoru	寄る	to visit; to drop in; to approach	yoseru	寄せる	(1) to come near; to let someone approach; (2) to collect; to gather; to add; to put aside

hairu	入る	to get in; to go in; to come in; to flow into; to set; to set in	ireru	入れる	to put in; to take in; to bring in; to let in; to admit; to introduce; to commit (to prison); to usher in; to insert; to set (jewels); to employ; to listen to; to tolerate; to comprehend; to include; to pay (interest); to cast (votes)
furueru	震える	to shiver; to shake; to quake	furuwaseru	震わせる	to be shaking; to be trembling
kieru	消える	to go out; to vanish; to disappear; (P)	kesu	消す	(1) to erase; to delete; (2) to turn off power; (3) to bump off (sl); (P)
kikoeru	聞こえる	(1) to be heard; to be audible; (2) to be said to be; to be reputed	kiku	聞く	(1) to hear; to listen; (2) to ask
koeru	越える	to exceed; to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to pass over (out of)	kosu	越す	(1) to cross over (e.g. mountain); to go across; (2) to go over (e.g. with audience); (3) to pass (time, e.g. a winter); (4) to surpass; to be better than; (5) to move house
komoru	籠もる	to seclude oneself; to be confined in; to be implied; to be stuffy	komeru	込める	to include; to put into
mieru	見える	to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to appear	miru	見る	(1) to see; to watch; (2) (as an auxiliary verb) to try
nakunaru	無くなる	to disappear; to get lost	nakusu	無くす	(1) to lose something; (2) to get rid of
neru	寝る	to go to bed; to lie down; to sleep	nekasu	寝かす	to put to sleep; to lay (something) on its side
nieru	煮える	to boil; to cook; to be cooked	niru	煮る	to boil; to cook
oyobu	及ぶ	to reach; to come up to; to amount to; to befall; to happen to; to extend; to match; to equal	oyobosu	及ぼす	to exert; to cause; to exercise
umareru	生まれる	to be born	umu	生む	to give birth; to deliver; to produce
wakareru	分かれる	to branch off; to diverge from; to fork; to split; to dispense; to scatter; to divide into	wakeru	分ける	to divide; to separate; to make distinctions; to differentiate (between)