sci.lang.japan FAQ / 2. Grammar / 2.1. Verbs

2.1.6. How does the te form work?

The te form of a Japanese verb is the form which ends in te or de. For example, the te form of miru, "see", is mite, and the te form of yomu, "read", is yonde. The te form is used in forms like te iru, "be doing" and te shimau "finished doing".

The conjugation of the te form is similar to the conjugation of the past tense. The following table lists all of the possible conjugations.

Verb's final syllable	Becomes	Examples	Te form	Notes
Regular verbs
u	tte	tsukau (use)	tsukatte
ku	ite	yaku (burn)	yaite
gu	ide	oyogu (swim)	oyoide
su	shite	shimesu (show)	shimeshite
tsu	tte	matsu (wait)	matte
nu	nde	shinu (die)	shinde
bu	nde	yobu (call)	yonde
mu	nde	yomu (read)	yonde
ru (consonant-stem verbs)	tte	hashiru (run)	hashitte	See 2.1.2. What are group I and group II (also consonant and vowel) verbs?
iru, eru (vowel-stem verbs)	ite, ete	taberu	tabete	See 2.1.2. What are group I and group II (also consonant and vowel) verbs?
Adjectives
i adjective	kute	yasui (cheap)	yasukute	See 2.4.2. What is an i adjective?
na adjective	de	kantan (simple)	kantan de
Irregular formations (see 2.1.1. What Japanese verbs are irregular?)
suru (do)	shite	aisuru (love)	aishite
kuru (come)	kite
iku (go)	itte
irassharu (be, polite)	irashite
-masu ending	mashite	akemasu	akemashite

Usage

The te form is used in requests with kure and kudasai. For example Tabete kudasai "Please eat (this)."

With the verb iru it can mean "to be doing": matte iru: "I am waiting" or "to do": shitte iru means "I know". In speech, the "i" often disappears, so matte iru becomes matteru and shitte iru becomes shitteru.

With the verb oku it means "to do in advance". o bentō o tsukutte oita: "I've already made a boxed lunch". In speech, in this form the "e" often disappears, so tsukutte oita becomes tsukuttoita

With the verb aru it forms a kind of passive. It is very common with the verb kaku, to write. Koko ni moji ga kaite aru: "There are some characters written here".

With the verb shimau it implies something is completed: katazukete shimatta "I have finished tidying". It can also suggest a regretable situation: Watashi no kagi ga kiete shimatta: "My keys have disappeared". The form te shimau is often contracted to chimau or chau, and the de shimau form is shortened to jau or jimau in colloquial speech. See 8.2. What are the chau, cha verb endings?.

The te form is also used to join two sentences. Yasukute ii ne: "It's good that it's cheap". It is used with particles in formations such as te wa ikenai: "You must not ...". For example, tabete wa ikenai: "Don't eat this", or te mo ii: "You can do this". For example, tabete mo ii: "You can eat it". The mo is often dropped, hence this becomes tabete ii.

sci.lang.japan FAQ / 2. Grammar / 2.1. Verbs

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